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The National Order of the Southern Cross ((ポルトガル語:Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul)) is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822. This order was intended to commemorate the independence of Brazil and the coronation of Pedro I.〔White, William. ''(Notes and queries, Volume 78 )''. London: 1888, p. 173.〕 The name derives from the geographical position of the country, under the constellation of the Southern Cross and also in memory of the name – ''Terra de Santa Cruz'' – given to Brazil at the time of its discovery.〔 ==History== Originally known as the Imperial Order of the Southern Cross (''Ordem Imperial do Cruzeiro do Sul''), the Order was created by Emperor Pedro I on the day of his Coronation, 1 December 1822. Also on the same date the first knights of the order were appointed, to commemorate the crowning of the Empire's first monarch. After the proclamation of the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822 other honorific awards had been made, but of the Orders of chivalry shared with Portugal, Brazilian branches of which had been created upon independence; the Order of the Southern Cross, created to mark the Coronation of the Empire's founder, was thus also the first purely Brazilian Order. After the fall of the monarchy, Brazil's first republican Constitution, enacted on 24 February 1891, abolished all titles of nobility and all Imperial Orders and decorations.〔 The Order was later re-established by the government of Getúlio Vargas on 5 December 5 1932, as the National Order of the Southern Cross.〔 During the Old Republic period (from the Proclamation of the Republic until the Revolution of 1930), National Orders did not exist and the Brazilian State bestowed only military medals.〔Even the short-lived republican ''Ordem de Colombo'' (Order of Columbus) that had been established by the Provisional Government of the Republic as a replacement to the Imperial Orders, was abolished when Congress promulgated Brazil's first republican Constitution on 24 February 1891, declaring all Orders abolished and stating that the Republic would maintain no Orders. Only after the 1891 Constitution had ceased to operate due to the 1930 Revolution was a republican honours system created, beginning with the recreation of the Order of the Southern Cross in 1932.〕 Restored in 1932, the Order of the Southern Cross was the first Order to be created in the re-established, republican honours system. It is considered the senior Brazilian National Order. During the Imperial period, the Order of the Southern Cross was not the highest ranking of the Imperial Orders, as it ranked below the Brazilian branches of the ''ancient orders of chivalry'', that originated with Portugal: the Order of Christ (the senior-most Order), the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz and the Order of St. James of the Sword. Those Orders were shared by Brazil and Portugal; the Order of Christ was shared with the Holy See similar to the Austrian and a Spanish Orders of the Golden Fleece. However among the Brazilian created Orders, the Imperial Order of the Southern Cross ranked first, having higher status than the Imperial Order of Pedro I and the Imperial Order of the Rose. The Imperial Order of the Southern Cross continues to be used by both branches of the Brazilian Imperial Family as a House Order, awarded by the rival claimants to the position of Head of the Imperial Family, but such awards are not recognized by the Republic of Brazil. Just like the Emperors of Brazil were ''ex officio'' Grand Masters of the Imperial Order, Presidents of Brazil are ''ex officio'' Grand Masters of the successor National Order. Accordingly, President Dilma Rousseff is the Order's current Grand Master. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Order of the Southern Cross」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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